Regulation of androgen on singing behavior and song control system of songbirds / 生理学报

Androgen plays an important role in singing of songbirds. Recent studies have shown that androgen levels in vivo not only affect the external morphology of songbirds, but also affect their singing behavior. Androgens (including derivatives) affect singing behavior and singing system in many ways. Based mainly on the results from our research group in the zebra finch, this review summarizes the effects of androgen on singing behavior, excitability and synaptic transmission of projection neurons of singing system, and the interaction of androgen with other neurotransmitter receptors in the brain of songbirds.

External and intestinal parasites of the Austral thrush Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Turdidae) in central Chile / Parasitas externos e intestinais do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii (Aves, Podicipedidae) no Chile

Abstract A total of thirty Austral thrushes Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) carcasses were brought to the Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, to be examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Ectoparasites were found on 20% (6/30) of the thrushes and belonged to species Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera) and Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Endoparasites were isolated from 26.6% (8/30) of the birds and identified as Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula (Cestoda) Schrank, 1788, and Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). To our knowledge, all endoparasites collected in this study are new records in T. falcklandii and expand their distributional range to Chile.

Resumo Um total de trinta carcaças do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) foi encaminhado ao Departamento de Ciência Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, para ser examinado quanto a presença de parasitas externos e internos. Parasitas externos foram encontrados em 20% (6/30) dos tordos inspecionados e identificados como Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera), e Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Parasitas internos foram identificados em 26,6% (8/30) dos espécimes examinados como Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula sensu Schrank, 1788 (Cestoda) e Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, todos os parasitas internos coletados neste estudo pertencem a novos registros em T. falcklandii e com expansão de sua distribuição para o Chile.

Urogonimus turdi (Digenea: Leucochloridiidae) from the White’s Thrush, Zoothera aurea, in the Republic of Korea

Avian trematodes, Urogonimus turdi (Digenea: Leucochloridiidae), were collected from the intestine of wild birds, Zoothera aurea, 2013–2017 in the Daejeon Metropolitan City, Korea. The body was ellipsoidal, attenuated and/or round ends, 1,987–2,120 long and 819–831 μm wide. The oral sucker was subterminal, rounded anteriorly, and 308–425×351–432 μm in size; the prepharynx and esophagus were almost lacking; pharynx was well-developed, 142–179×78–170 μm in size; intestine narrow, bifurcating just after pharynx, ascending to the oral sucker before looping posteriorly and terminating near the posterior end; ventral sucker larger, in almost median, 536–673×447–605 μm and approximately 1.5 times larger than oral sucker. A phylogenetic tree constructed with 18S ribosomal RNA showed inter- and intraspecific relationships. Based on these morphological and molecular findings, we report here a U. turdi from White’s thrushes in Korea.

Extraintestinal isosporoid coccidian causing atoxoplasmosis in captive green-winged saltators: clinical and hematological features / Coccidiose extraintestinal causando atoxoplasmose em trinca-ferros de cativeiro: aspectos clínicos e hematológicos

Populations of green-winged saltators, Saltator similis, are decreasing especially because of illegal trade and infectious diseases. We describe natural cases of an extraintestinal isosporoid coccidian in caged S. similis, and suggest the need of preventive measures in handling these birds. Nonspecific clinical signs were seen in all of them, however, intracytoplasmic Atoxoplasma sp. was found in peripheral blood, reinforcing the idea of systemic isosporosis. Leukocytosis with high number of heterophils and monocytes suggested that atoxoplasmosis in green-winged saltators can progress as an acute disease. The birds showed clinical improvement after treatment. Handling recommendations were proposed to upgrade hygienic conditions of the facilities. We concluded that nonspecific symptoms and an acute inflammatory process can be associated with atoxoplasmosis in young S. similis. We emphasize the importance of blood smear to detect merozoites.(AU)

As populações de trinca-ferro, Saltator similis, estão declinando especialmente em função do comércio illegal e das doenças infecciosas. Descrevem-se casos naturais de coccidiose extraintestinal em S. similis de cativeiro, sugerindo a necessidade de medidas preventivas no manejo desses animais. Sinais clínicos inespecíficos foram observados em todos os animais, contudo, formas intracitoplasmáticas de Atoxoplasma sp. foram vistas no sangue periférico, reforçando a ideia de isosporose sistêmica. Leucocitose com aumento de heterófilos e monócitos sugeriram que a atoxoplasmose em trinca-ferro pode progredir como uma doença aguda. As aves apresentaram melhora clínica após tratamento. Recomendações de manejo foram propostas a fim de melhorar as condições higiênicas das instalações das aves. Concluiu-se que sinais inespecíficos e processo inflamatório agudo podem ser associados com a atoxoplasmose em S. similis jovens. Enfatizamos a importância da avaliação do esfregaço sanguíneo para detector os merozoítos.(AU)

Seasonality, biology and threats to Sicalis luteola (Sparrman, 1789) (Aves, Thraupidae) in northeastern Brazil / Sazonalidade, biologia e ameaças ao canário-tipio Sicalis luteola (Sparrman, 1789) (Aves, Thraupidae) no Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Sicalis luteola occurs from Mexico to South America. In the Northeastern Brazilian region its biology, population dynamics and threats are poorly known. The subspecies S. luteola luteiventris apparently migrates northward during austral winter. The specific aims of this work were: 1) to verify the seasonality of the species; 2) to analyze information on molting and breeding, and 3) to check the main threats to this bird in northeastern Brazil. The highest number of records were in March, April, and May (51.12%) and the lowest in November and December (3%).We found a greater population peak in April in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará, and in April and May in Pernambuco. In Paraíba there was not an apparent seasonal variation in frequency. We captured 66 individuals, all adults, being 38 males and 28 females. 30% of the captured birds showed contour feathers molt, mainly on the head. A total of 23 individuals had brood patch, all being females. Six nests were found and four contained two to three eggs. We found that the main threat is the illegal trade. Our findings may support conservation plans for this bird in the region.

Resumo Sicalis luteola ocorre do México a América do Sul. No Nordeste do Brasil sua biologia, dinâmica populacional e ameaças são pouco conhecidas. A subespécie S. luteola luteiventris aparentemente migra em direção ao norte durante o inverno austral. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho foram: 1) verificar a sazonalidade da espécie, 2) obter informações referentes a muda e reprodução, e 3) verificar quais as principais ameaças. Os meses com os maiores números de registros foram março, abril e maio (51,12%), enquanto os meses de novembro e dezembro foram os menos representativos (3%). Foi encontrado um grande pico populacional no mês de abril nos estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará, e em abril e maio em Pernambuco. Na Paraíba não houve uma variação sazonal marcante. Foram capturados 66 indivíduos, todos adultos, sendo 38 machos e 28 fêmeas. 30% das aves capturadas apresentaram muda nas penas de contorno, principalmente na cabeça. Um total de 23 indivíduos apresentou placa de incubação, sendo todas fêmeas. Seis ninhos foram encontrados, quatro deles continham dois ou três ovos. A principal ameaça a espécie no Nordeste é o comércio ilegal de aves silvestres. Este trabalho fornece importantes ferramentas para subsidiar planos de conservação para essa ave na região.

Reproduction of the Atlantic Forest endemic star-throated antwren, Rhopias gularis (Aves: Thamnophilidae) / Reprodução da choquinha-de-garganta-pintada, Rhopias gularis (Aves: Thamnophilidae), uma espécie endêmica da Mata Atlântica

Abstract The Thamnophilidae are one of the most speciose Neotropical bird families, yet aspects of their natural history remain poorly documented. Here we provide information on breeding phenology, the length of incubation and nestling periods, parental care, and nesting success of the Star-throated Antwren, Rhopias gularis, an Atlantic Forest endemic. The data are discussed in light of life history theories. We found 27 active nests during two breeding seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) at Carlos Botelho State Park in southeastern Brazil. Nesting activities were observed from September to January. Incubation and nestling periods lasted 16.8 ± 0.6 and 11.0 ± 0.86 days, respectively, as with most other antbirds. Males and females shared equally in incubation and nestling provisioning. The small clutch size of two eggs is that most commonly found in tropical birds and is hypothesized to have evolved due to increased nest predation rates. However, our data was not consistent with this hypothesis as the nest survival probability was high (57%). This is one of only a handful of studies that provide comprehensive information on the breeding biology of a Thamnophilid species in undisturbed habitat.

Resumo A Família Thamnophilidae compreende as diversas espécies de chocas e papa-formigas e compõem um dos maiores grupos de aves neotropicais. Apesar do elevado número de espécies, aspectos da história natural permanecem pouco documentados. No presente estudo são fornecidas informações sobre fenologia reprodutiva, duração dos períodos de incubação e permanência dos filhotes no ninho, cuidado parental e sucesso reprodutivo da choquinha-de-garganta-pintada, Rhopias gularis, endêmica da Mata Atlântica, enfocando teorias de história de vida. Foram encontrados 27 ninhos ativos durante duas temporadas reprodutivas (2013/2014 e 2014/2015) no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, no sudeste do Brasil. Atividades de nidificação foram observadas de setembro a janeiro. Períodos de incubação e permanência dos filhotes nos ninhos duraram 16.8 ± 0.6 e 11.0 ± 0.86 dias, respectivamente, sendo similares aos de outras chocas e papa-formigas. Machos e fêmeas dividiram as funções de incubação e alimentação dos ninhegos em taxas similares. As ninhadas de dois ovos seguem o padrão mais comum para Passseriformes tropicais, mas os dados apresentados não se mostraram consistentes com a hipótese de que a evolução de ninhadas menores está relacionada às altas taxa de predação de ninhos nesta região, uma vez que foi observada alta probabilidade de sobrevivência (57%). O presente estudo é um dos poucos a proporcionar informações abrangentes sobre a biologia reprodutiva de um Thamnophilidae em uma área preservada.

Isospora albicollis (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in thrushes Turdus spp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae), in southeastern Brazil / Isospora albicollis (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) em sabiás Turdus spp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae), no sudeste Brasileiro

Abstract The aim of the present study was to report and describe Isospora albicollis Lainson and Shaw, 1989 parasitizing a white-necked thrush Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 and a pale-breasted thrush Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 in two different localities: the Itatiaia National Park and Cacaria, in southeastern Brazil. The oocysts identified were ovoidal, 24.4 × 19.7 μm, with a smooth, bilayered wall, around 1.4 μm thick. Oocyst residuum was absent, but a micropyle and a polar granule were present. The sporocysts were ellipsoidal, 15.4 × 10.1 μm. The Stieda body was knob-like to rounded and the sub-Stieda body was prominent and wide. Sporocyst residuum was present, usually as a cluster of granules that appear to be membrane-bounded. The sporozoites were vermiform with one posterior refractile body and a centrally located nucleus. Besides recording the new host T. leucomelas, the identification of I. albicollis in the Itatiaia National Park and Cacaria, in southeastern Brazil, provide records of new localities for its parasitism, and reveals the wide distribution and dispersion of this coccidium in Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar e descrever Isospora albicollis Lainson e Shaw, 1989, parasitando um sabiá-coleira Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 e um sabiá-barranco Turdus leucomelas Vieillot 1818, em duas localidades diferentes: Parque Nacional do Itatiaia e Cacaria, no Sudeste do Brasil. Os oocistos identificados foram ovóides, 24,4 × 19,7 μm, com uma parede lisa e dupla, com cerca de 1,4 μm de espessura. Resíduo do oocisto foi ausente, mas uma micrópila e um grânulo polar foram presentes. Esporocistos elipsoidais, 15,4 × 10,1 μm, corpo de Stieda em forma de botão a arredondado e corpo de sub-Stieda proeminente e largo. Resíduo do esporocisto presente, usualmente como um aglomerado de grânulos que parecem estar envolvidos por uma membrana. Esporozoítos vermiformes com um corpo refráctil posterior e um núcleo centralizado. Além de registrar o novo hospedeiro T. leucomelas, a identificação de I. albicollis no Parque Nacional de Itatiaia e Cacaria, no Sudeste do Brasil, fornece registros de novas localidades para seu parasitismo e revela a ampla distribuição e dispersão desse coccídio no Brasil.

Management of a Dentigerous Cyst in a Child with Robin Sequence

This is a brief clinical report describing an 18-month-old female with Robin sequence found to have an incidental mandibular cystic lesion on a head computed tomography scan in the preoperative workup before performing mandibular distraction. She underwent enucleation of the tumor, which was found to be a dentigerous cyst. One year following cyst enucleation, mandibular distraction was performed in order to alleviate her tongue-based obstruction. This case demonstrates the ability of the mandibular bone to successfully regenerate after undergoing cyst enucleation.

Management of a Dentigerous Cyst in a Child with Robin Sequence

This is a brief clinical report describing an 18-month-old female with Robin sequence found to have an incidental mandibular cystic lesion on a head computed tomography scan in the preoperative workup before performing mandibular distraction. She underwent enucleation of the tumor, which was found to be a dentigerous cyst. One year following cyst enucleation, mandibular distraction was performed in order to alleviate her tongue-based obstruction. This case demonstrates the ability of the mandibular bone to successfully regenerate after undergoing cyst enucleation.

Clinical Factors Associated with the Non-Operative Airway Management of Patients with Robin Sequence

BACKGROUND: The indications for surgical airway management in patients with Robin sequence (RS) and severe airway obstruction have not been well defined. While certain patients with RS clearly require surgical airway intervention and other patients just as clearly can be managed with conservative measures alone, a significant proportion of patients with RS present with a more confusing and ambiguous clinical course. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features and objective findings of patients with RS whose airways were successfully managed without surgical intervention. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of infants with RS evaluated for potential surgical airway management between 1994 and 2014. Patients who were successfully managed without surgical intervention were included. Patient demographics, nutritional and respiratory status, laboratory values, and polysomnography (PSG) findings were recorded. RESULTS: Thirty-two infants met the inclusion criteria. The average hospital stay was 16.8 days (range, 5–70 days). Oxygen desaturation (<70% by pulse oximetry) occurred in the majority of patients and was managed with temporary oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula (59%) or endotracheal intubation (31%). Seventy-five percent of patients required a temporary nasogastric tube for nutritional support, and a gastrostomy tube placed was placed in 9%. All patients continued to gain weight following the implementation of these conservative measures. PSG data (n=26) demonstrated mild to moderate obstruction, a mean apneahypopnea index (AHI) of 19.2±5.3 events/hour, and an oxygen saturation level <90% during only 4% of the total sleep time. CONCLUSIONS: Nonsurgical airway management was successful in patients who demonstrated consistent weight gain and mild to moderate obstruction on PSG, with a mean AHI of <20 events/hour.

Feeding resource partitioning between two understorey insectivorous birds in a fragment of Neotropical cloud forest / Partição de recursos alimentares entre duas espécies de aves insetívoras de sub-bosque em um fragmento de floresta nebular Neotropical

Abstract The food habits and niche overlap based on diet composition and prey size of two species of understorey insectivorous birds were investigated in an area of montane rain forest in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. A total of 43 birds were captured: 33 individuals of Conopophaga lineata (Conopophagidae) with 13 recaptures, and 10 individuals of Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Parulidae) with 12 recaptures, from which were obtained respectively 33 and 10 fecal samples. Fragments of 16 groups of arthropods, plus insect eggs, were identified in these samples. Conopophaga lineata predominantly consumed Formicidae (32%) and Isoptera (23.6%). However, the index of alimentary importance (AI) of Isoptera (3.53) was lower than other groups such as Formicidae (AI = 61.88), Coleoptera (AI = 16.17), insect larvae (AI = 6.95) and Araneae (AI = 6.6). Myiothlypis leucoblephara predominantly consumed Formicidae (28.2%) and Coleoptera (24.4%), although Coleoptera and Hymenoptera non-Formicidae had the highest values of AI (38.71 and 22.98 respectively). Differences in the proportions of the types of arthropods consumed by birds were not enough to reveal their separation into feeding niches (overlap = 0.618, p observed ≤ expected = 0.934), whereas differences in the use of resources was mainly due to the size of the prey (p<0.001), where C lineata, the species with the highest body mass (p<0.001) consumed larger prey. It is plausible that prey size is an axis of niche dimension that allows the coexistence of these species.

Resumo Os hábitos alimentares e a sobreposição de nicho em termos de composição da dieta e tamanho de presas de duas espécies de aves insetívoras de sub-bosque foram investigados em uma área de floresta ombrófila altomontana no estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Foram capturados 33 indivíduos de Conopophaga lineata (Conopophagidae), com 13 recapturas, e 10 indivíduos de Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Parulidae), com 12 recapturas, dos quais foram obtidas, respectivamente, 33 e 10 amostras fecais, onde foram identificados fragmentos de 16 grupos de artrópodes, além de ovos de insetos. Conopophaga lineata consumiu predominantemente Formicidae (32%) e Isoptera (23,6%). Contudo, o índice de importância alimentar (IA) de Isoptera (3,53) esteve abaixo de outros grupos como Formicidae (IA = 61,88), Coleoptera (IA = 16,17), larva de inseto (IA = 6,95) e Araneae (IA = 6,6). Myiothlypis leucoblephara consumiu predominantemente Formicidae (28,2%) e Coleoptera (24,4%), embora em termos de IA o predomínio tenha sido de Coleoptera (IA = 38,71) e Hymenoptera não Formicidae (IA = 22,98). Diferenças nas proporções dos tipos de artrópodes consumidos pelas aves não foram suficientes para revelar separação em seus nichos alimentares (sobreposição = 0,618; p observado ≤ esperado = 0,934), ao passo que divergências no uso de recursos se deram principalmente em função dos tamanhos das presas (p<0,001), onde C. lineata, a espécie com maior massa corporal, (p<0,001) consumiu as maiores presas. É plausível que o tamanho das presas seja um eixo da dimensão do nicho que permite a coexistência dessas espécies.

Jaw musculature of Cyclarhis gujanensis (Aves: Vireonidae) / Musculatura das maxilas de Cyclarhis gujanensis(Aves: Vireonidae)

AbstractCyclarhis gujanensis is a little bird which feeds on high number of large preys, such frogs, lizards, snakes, bats and birds. As there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species, we aimed to describe the cranial myology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. Thus, we described the muscles from the jaw apparatus (external and internal adductor muscles, the muscles of the pterygoid system and the depressor muscles of the mandible). The adductor system is the greatest and multipinulated, particularly in its origin in the caudal portion of the temporal fossa. The depressor jaw muscles systems are enlarged with many components in complexity. The most of jaw apparatus muscles are short, but the strength (biting or crushing forces) from short feeding apparatus fibers probably is increased by high number of components and pinnulation. These anatomical aspects of the muscles indicate a considerable force in the jaws, without which C. gujanensis probably could not cut their prey into smaller pieces. However, functional approaches to analysis of forces of the muscle fibers are needed to corroborate / refute the hypotheses mentioned above.

ResumoO pitiguari (C. gujanensis) é um pássaro neotropical que se alimenta de uma ampla variedade de presas grandes, tais como lagartos, anuros, morcegos e aves. Como são escassos os estudos sobre a anatomia craniana desta espécie, descrevemos a miologia craniana para contribuir com o seu conhecimento anatômico e inferir hipóteses sobre sua anatomia funcional. Foram descritos os músculos adutores mandibulares, externos e internos, do sistema pterigóideo e depressores da mandíbula. O sistema adutor, com a função de elevar a mandíbula, é o mais desenvolvido, particularmente em sua origem na porção caudal da fossa temporal. O músculo depressor da mandíbula possui vários componentes. A maioria dos músculos do aparato mandibular tem tamanho pequeno, porém a ave possui um grande potencial para dilacerar, e essa força provavelmente se deve ao grande número de componentes e pinulações neles presentes. Esses aspectos anatômicos da musculatura indicam uma força considerável nas maxilas, sem a qual C. gujanensis provavelmente não conseguiria cortar suas presas em pedaços menores. No entanto, mais estudos, tanto em abordagens funcionais como análises de forças das fibras musculares, são necessários para corroborar/refutar as hipóteses mencionadas acima.

A Morphologically Atypical Case of Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation

A rare case of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation occurred after pediatric cervical spine surgery performed to remove a dumbbell-shaped meningioma at the level of the C1/C2 vertebrae. This case is classified as a post-surgical atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, but has a very rare morphology that has not previously been reported. Although there are several reports about post-surgical atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation, an important point of this case is that it might be directly related to the spinal cord surgery in C1/C2 level. On day 6 after surgery, the patient presented with the Cock Robin position, and a computed tomography scan revealed a normal type of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. Manual reduction was performed followed by external fixation with a neck collar. About 7 months after the first surgery, the subluxation became severe, irreducible, and assumed an atypical form where the anterior tubercle of C1 migrated to a cranial position, and the posterior tubercle of C1 and the occipital bone leaned in a caudal direction. The pathogenic process suggested deformity of the occipital condyle and bilateral C2 superior facets with atlantooccipital subluxation. A second operation for reduction and fixation was performed, and the subluxation was stabilized by posterior fixation. We encountered an unusual case of a refractory subluxation that was associated with an atypical deformity of the upper spine. The case was successfully managed by posterior fixation.

Avaliação da competência de aves passeriformes Turdus sp como hospedeiro amplificador da bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii para carrapatos da espécie Amblyomma aureolatum em condições de laboratório / Evaluation of the Bird Turdus sp as a competent host to amplify the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii to Amblyomma aureolatum ticks in laboratory conditions

Carrapatos são importantes vetores de agentes infecciosos. A fauna ixodológica do Brasil é atualmente composta por mais de 60 espécies, mas apenas as riquetsioses são reconhecidas zoonoses transmitidas por carrapatos. A Febre Maculosa Brasileira tem como agente etiológico a bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitida na região Metropolitanade São Paulo pelo carrapato Amblyomma aureolatum, esse carrapato utiliza aves passeriformes, em especial o sabiá (Turdus sp), como hospedeiros primários das fases imaturas. É conhecido que os hospedeiros das fases subadultas dos carrapatos costumam desempenhar o importante papel de amplificadores da bactéria R. rickettsii,assim Turdus sp podem ser uma importante fonte de amplificação do agente etiológico para a população de carrapatos. No presente estudo foram realizadas quatro infestações experimentais seriadas (7 dias entre infestações) com ninfas de A. aureolatum em cinco indivíduos do gênero Turdus sp. A primeira infestação foi feita com cinco ninfas da colônianão infectada, a segunda foi realizada com cinco ninfas previamente infectadas com R.rickettsii (identificadas com a amputação do metatarso da pata esquerda III) e cinco susceptíveis, a terceira e a quarta foram realizadas com ninfas suscetíveis. Todas as ninfas de A. aureolatum alimentadas foram deixadas para realizar ecdise e os adultos subsequentes foram macerados e parte foi inoculado em cobaias e parte foi submetido à PCR, assim como amostras de sangue das aves colhidas em cada uma das infestações,para detecção de R. rickettsii para os genes gltA; htrL e ompA. Apenas as ninfas da colônia infectada foram positivas na PCR, todas as ninfas susceptíveis e o sangue colhido das aves se mostraram negativas, assim como nenhuma cobaia apresentou manifestação clínica compatível com infecção por R. rickettsii. Os resultados mostram que Turdus sp não desempenha o papel de amplificador de R. rickettsii para ninfas de A. aureolatum...

Ticks are important vectors of infectious agents. The ixodological fauna of Brazil iscurrently comprised of over 60 species, but only the tick-borne rickettsial diseases arerecognized as zoonoses. The Brazilian Spotted Fever etiologic has as agent Rickettsiarickettsii, transmitted in the metropolitan region of São Paulo by the tick Amblyommaaureolatum, this tick uses passerine birds, especially the Brazilian Robin (Turdus sp) asprimary hosts of the immature stages. It is known that the hosts of subadultas stages ofticks often play an important role as amplifiers of R. rickettsii, so Turdus sp can be animportant source of amplifying the etiologic agent for the tick population. In the presentstudy four serial experimental infestations (7 days between infestations) with nymphs of A.aureolatum in five individuals of the genus Turdus sp were performed. The first infestationwas performed with five nymphs taken from an uninfected colony, the second wasperformed with five previously infected nymphs by R. rickettsii (identified with theamputation of the left paw metatarsal III) and five susceptible nymphs, the third and fourthinfestations were performed with susceptible nymphs. All of the nymphs that fed on A.aureolatum were allowed to accomplish ecdysis and the subsequent adults weremacerated and part was inoculated into guinea pigs and part was subjected to PCR aswell as blood samples taken from birds from each infestation, for detection of R . rickettsiifor the genes gltA; htrL and ompA. Only nymphs from the infected colony were positive inthe PCR, all the susceptible nymphs and the collected blood were negative, as well asnone of the guinea pigs showed clinical signs compatible with infection by R. rickettsii. Theresults show that Turdus sp doesn’t act as R. rickettsii amplifier for A. aureolatum nymphs...

Comunidade e partilha ecológica de turdídeos (aves: passeriformes) em um fragmento urbano de floresta com araucárias em Guarapuava no sul do Brasil / Community and ecological partitioning of turdid (passerines) in an araucaria urban forest fragment in Guarapuava, southern Brazil / Comunidad y reparto ecológico de turdidae (aves paseriformes) en un espacio urbano de bosque con araucarias en Guarapuava en el sur de Brasil

Mecanismos ecológicos que permitem a coexistência de sabiás do gênero Turdus (Turdidae) parecem não ser tão facilmente explicáveis. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho buscou compreender como está estruturada a comunidade dessas aves e investigar possíveis padrões e mecanismos que tornam possível a coexistência entre duas espécies aparentadas e relativamente semelhantes, T. leucomelas e T. rufiventris, que compartilham um fragmento florestal urbano. Por meio de capturas utilizando redes ornitológicas, foi possível descrever a estrutura da comunidade, obtendo dados ecológicos e morfológicos de cinco espécies do gênero. Para a análise da coexistência entre T. leucomelas e T. rufiventris, os parâmetros amostrados foram a abundância média por ambiente amostrado em relação às estações, estrato florestal utilizado pelas aves, aspectos morfológicos e a dieta. Os resultados apontaram que Turdus rufiventris é o mais abundante dos sabiás ocorrentes na área e também o mais constante ao longo do estudo, estando presente em 66% dos eventos de captura. Turdus leucomelas aparece em segundo lugar nas capturas com frequência de ocorrência de 55%. Turdus amaurochalinus, com 84% de ocorrência na primavera (57% anual), pode apresentar sobreposição de populações migrantes sobre populações residentes durante a mesma estação. Por sua vez, Turdus albicollis foi considerada acessória com frequência máxima de 30% no inverno. Quanto a sua dominância, Turdus subalaris foi considerada recessiva e ocasional em sua constância nas capturas. Comparações efetuadas entre T. leucomelas e T. rufiventris demonstram grande semelhança de massa corpórea, enquanto em outras variáveis, como comprimento, houve diferença significativa. Entretanto, T. rufiventris apresenta maiores amplitudes de variação e bico mais fino e comprido...

Ecological mechanisms that allow the coexistence of five Thrush species from the Turdus (Turdidae) genus in an urban forest fragment in southern Brazil seem to be difficult to explain. In this context, the present paper tried to understand how the bird community is structured, as well as to investigate possible patterns and mechanisms that make the coexistence of two related and relatively similar species - T. leucomelas and T. rufiventris – possible. Mist nets were used for sampling, which allowed the description of the community structure with ecological and morphological data on five species of the genus. For the coexistence analysis between T. leucomelas and T. rufiventris, the parameters surveyed were the average abundance per sampled environment in relation to seasons, forest stratum used by birds, morphological aspects, and diet. Results indicated that Turdus rufiventris is the most abundant thrush in the area and is the most constantly found throughout this study, present in 66% of captures. Turdus leucomelas occurred in 55% of captures. Turdus amaurochalinus, with 84% occurrence in spring (57% yearly), may present an overlapping of migrant populations over resident ones in the same season. Turdus albicollis was considered supplementary, with maximum frequency of 30% in winter. As for its dominance, Turdus subalaris was regarded as recessive and occasional in its constancy in captures. Comparisons made between T. leucomelas and T. rufiventris showed great resemblance of body mass, while in other variables, such as length, there were significant differences. However, T. rufiventris presents higher degrees of variation, as well as thinner and longer beaks...

Mecanismos ecológicos que permiten la coexistencia de aves del género Turdus (Turdidae), parecen no ser tan fácilmente explicables. Este estudio ha buscado comprender como está estructurada la comunidad de esas aves e investigar posibles estándares y mecanismos que hacen posible la coexistencia entre dos especies aparentadas y relativamente semejantes, T. leucomelas y T. rufiventris, que comparten un espacio de bosque urbano. A través de capturas utilizando redes ornitoló- gicas, ha sido posible describir la estructura de la comunidad, obteniendo datos ecológicos y morfológicos de cinco especies del género. Para el análisis de la coexistencia entre T. leucomelas y T. rufiventris, los parámetros muestreados fueron la abundancia promedia por ambiente estudiado en relación a las estaciones, estrato del bosque utilizado por las aves, aspectos morfológicos y la dieta. Los resultados apuntaron que Turdus rufiventris es el más abundante de los zorzales ocurrentes en el área y también el más constante a lo largo del estudio, estando presente en 66% de los eventos de captura. Turdus leucomelas aparece en segundo lugar en las capturas con frecuencia de ocurrencia de 55%. Turdus amaurochalinus, con 84% de ocurrencia en la primavera (57% anual), puede presentar superposición de poblaciones migrantes sobre poblaciones residentes durante la misma estación. Por su vez, Turdus albicollis ha sido considerada accesoria con frecuencia máxima de 30% en el invierno. Cuanto a su dominancia, Turdus subalaris ha sido considerada recesiva y ocasional en su constancia en las capturas. Comparaciones efectuadas entre T. leucomelas y T. rufiventris demuestran gran semejanza de masa corpórea, mientras en otras variables, como de largo, hubo diferencia significativa. Entretanto, T. rufiventris presenta mayores amplitudes de variación y pico delgado y largo...

Research into brazilian thrushes: bibliographies, species and next steps / Pesquisas com sabiás no Brasil: bibliografias, espécies e próximos passos

Synthesis studies are essential for detecting subjects that have not yet been fully explored. Therefore, a scientiometric study was conducted in order to evaluate the state of knowledge about the Turdidae bird family in Brazil. Searches were performed using the software Publish or Perish©. We found 23 papers from the period January 1990 to August 2012 directly involving the bioecological study of thrushes. Some studies were carried out on more than one species, giving a further 31 papers in which taxa of the Turdidae family were included. Using the dominance index, Turdus albicollis, T. amaurochalinus, T. leucomelas and T. rufiventris were considered eudominants. There was a greater frequency of studies based on T. leucomelas (χ ² c. (11.07) = 15.55, df = 5, P < 0.05). Turdus subalaris and Catharus ustulatus have also been studied and found to be subdominant. It was possible to define seven categories as areas of knowledge. From the spatial distribution of the localities (biomes) sampled by studies involving thrushes it was inferred that the most studied species are those having a greater distribution in Brazil. Finally, species naturally more restricted to northern Brazil have been less studied, mainly because most studies involving thrushes have been performed in southern and southeastern Brazil, mainly in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes.

Trabalhos de síntese são fundamentais para a detecção de campos ainda pouco explorados na ciência. Neste sentido, foi efetuado um estudo cienciométrico avaliando o estado de conhecimento da família de aves Turdidae no Brasil. Foram efetuadas buscas de trabalhos desenvolvidos no Brasil sobre sabiás, para tais buscas foi utilizado o Software Publish or Perish© no recorte temporal de janeiro de 1990 até agosto de 2012. Foram encontrados 23 artigos envolvendo diretamente o estudo bioecológico de sabiás. Alguns destes, efetuados abordando mais de uma espécie, totalizando 31 vezes em que os táxons da família foram contemplados. Através do índice de dominância, Turdus albicollis, T. amaurochalinus, T. leucomelas, e T. rufiventris foram consideradas eudominantes. Houve maior frequência de estudo de T. leucomelas (χ² c. (11,07) = 15,55, gl = 5, P < 0,05). Turdus subalaris e Catharus ustulatus também foram contempladas e consideradas subdominantes. Foi possível definir sete categorias considerando as áreas de conhecimento. É possível inferir através da espacialização dos locais (biomas) amostrados pelos estudos envolvendo turdídeos, que as espécies mais estudadas são também as que possuem maior distribuição no Brasil. Finalmente, espécies com distribuição restrita ao norte brasileiro foram pouco estudadas, devido principalmente, ao fato que a maioria dos estudos envolvendo turdídeos estão concentrados na região Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, desenvolvidos principalmente nos biomas Mata Atlântica e Cerrado.

Combined Chronic Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Rotator Fixation with Cerebral Palsy

Occipito-atlantalrotatory subluxation that occurs in conjunction with atlanto-axial rotator fixation is extremely rare. The common clinical characteristics are painful torticollis and cock robin position presented with the head tilted to one side and rotated to the other side. The object of this report is to emphasize that AARF combined with OARF may be caused by a variety of conditions, to be must need algorithm for proper management, apparently. A torticollis patient who had cerebral palsy presented with severe nuchal pain and wryneck for a long period. The patient had a history of fallen down 16 years ago which caused severe nuchal pain. The conservative management had failed to correct the deformity and instability. we decided to operate using occiput-C1-C2 arthrodesis and C3-4-5 bilateral screw fixation for reinforcement. Now he doesn't have neurologic deficit and shows good outcome enough to sustain his head, not using his hands, in his daily life.

Usefulness of a Cook(R) airway exchange catheter in laryngeal mask airway-guided fiberoptic intubation in a neonate with Pierre Robin syndrome: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

The case of a 33-day-old boy with Pierre Robin syndrome using a Cook(R) airway exchange catheter in laryngeal mask airway-guided fiberoptic intubation is presented. After induction with sevoflurane, classical reusable laryngeal mask airway (LMA) #1 was inserted and ultrathin fiberoptic bronchoscope (FOB) was passed through. A Cook(R) airway exchange catheter (1.6 mm ID, 2.7 mm OD) was passed through the LMA under the guidance of the FOB but failed to enter the trachea despite many trials. Then, an endotracheal tube (3.0 mm ID) was mounted on the FOB and railroaded over the FOB. After successful intubation, the Cook(R) airway exchange catheter was placed in the midtrachea through the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Even though the tracheal tube was accidentally displaced out of the trachea during LMA removal, the endotracheal tube could be easily railroaded over the airway exchange catheter.

Molecular characterization of vanA-containing Enterococcus from migratory birds: song thrush (Turdus philomelos)

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were detected in two faecal samples (1.3%) of song thrush in Portugal. vanA isolates showed high level vancomycin/teicoplanin resistance, as well as resistance to ciprofloxacin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and cloranfenicol. Thrush can be a reservoir of VRE and transmit these resistant bacteria to other animals including humans.